[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
values of ron and octane

Subject: values of ron and octane
From: brian_wagner@sbcglobal.net (brian_wagner@sbcglobal.net)
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2003 16:47:32 -0500
References: <20030426205616.92044.qmail@web10308.mail.yahoo.com>
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

------=_NextPart_000_007B_01C30C13.88BC7570
Content-Type: text/plain;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

     Advertisement

            Advertisement

                  Gasoline & Octane Ratings

            How is gasoline made? What are octane ratings?

                                Related Resources
                              . Chemistry Glossary
                              . Chemical Structures
                              . Geochemistry






                               Elsewhere on the Web
                              .  FAQ: Automotive Gasoline
                              .  American Petroleum Institute
                              .  How Car Engines Work





            Gasoline consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Most of
these are alkanes with 4-10 carbon atoms per molecule. Smaller amounts of
aromatic compounds are present. Alkenes and alkynes may also be present in
gasoline.

            Gasoline is most often produced by the fractional distillation
of petroleum, also known as crude oil (it is also produced from coal and oil
shale). The crude oil is separated according to different boiling points
into fractions. This fractional distillation process yields approximately
250 mL of straight-run gasoline for each liter of crude oil. The yield of
gasoline may be doubled by converting higher or lower boiling point
fractions into hydrocarbons in the gasoline range. Two of the main processes
used to perform this conversion are cracking and isomerization.

            In cracking, high molecular weight fractions and catalysts are
heated to the point where the carbon-carbon bonds break. Products of the
reaction include alkenes and alkanes of lower molecular weight than were
present in the original fraction. The alkanes from the cracking reaction are
added to the straight-run gasoline to increase the gasoline yield from the
crude oil. An example of a cracking reaction is:

            alkane C13H28 (l) --> alkane C8H18 (l) + alkene C2H4 (g) +
alkene C3H6 (g)

            In the isomerization process, straight chain alkanes are
converted into branched chain isomers, which burn more efficiently. For
example, pentane and a catalyst may react to yield 2-methylbutane and
2,2-dimethylpropane. Also, some isomerization occurs during the cracking
process, which increases the gasoline quality.

            In internal combustion engines, the compressed gasoline-air
mixtures have a tendency to ignite prematurely rather than burning smoothly.
This creates engine knock, a characteristic rattling or pinging sound in one
or more cylinders. The octane number of gasoline is a measure of its
resistance to knock. The octane number is determined by comparing the
characteristics of a gasoline to isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and
heptane. Isooctane is assigned an octane number of 100. It is a highly
branched compound that burns smoothly, with little knock. On the other hand,
heptane is given an octane rating of zero. It is an unbranched compound and
knocks badly.

            Straight-run gasoline has an octane number of about 70. In other
words, straight-run gasoline has the same knocking properties as a mixture
of 70% isooctane and 30% heptane. Cracking, isomerization, and other
processes can be used to increase the octane rating of gasoline to about 90.
Anti-knock agents may be added to further increase the octane rating.
Tetraethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4, was one such agent, which was added to gas at
the rate of up to 2.4 grams per gallon of gasoline. The switch to unleaded
gasoline has required the addition of more expensive compounds, such as
aromatics and highly branched alkanes, to maintain high octane numbers.

            Gasoline pumps typically post octane numbers as an average of
two different values. Often you may see the octane rating quoted as (R+M)/2.
One value is the research octane number (RON), which is determined with a
test engine running at a low speed of 600 rpm. The other value is the motor
octane number (MON), which is determined with a test engine running at a
higher speed of 900 rpm. If, for example, a gasoline has an RON of 98 and a
MON of 90, then the posted octane number would be the average of the two
values or 94.

            High octane gasoline does not outperform regular octane gasoline
in preventing engine deposits from forming, in removing them, or in cleaning
the engine. Consumers should select the lowest octane grade at which the
car's engine runs without knocking. Occasional light knocking or pinging
won't harm the engine, and doesn't indicate a need for higher octane. On the
other hand, a heavy or persistent knock may result in engine damage.



----- Original Message -----
From: "Ron Pieper" <rapieper@yahoo.com>
To: "Josh20V" <mkii@nycap.rr.com>; <scirocco-l@scirocco.org>
Sent: Saturday, April 26, 2003 3:56 PM
Subject: Re: values of ron and octane


> I am ron.  I think I am valuable, but I am not related to anyone named
octane levels.  I never
> 'did' anyone named octane either, not 87 times, nor 93, nor any.  Nowhere,
US or otherwise.
>
> Sorry, ya got the w-ron-g guy.
>
> Ron
>
> --- Josh20V <mkii@nycap.rr.com> wrote:
> > Somebody care to explain the direct relation between ron and octane
levels?
> > What ron does 87/93/etc octane in the US have?
>
>
> __________________________________
> Do you Yahoo!?
> The New Yahoo! Search - Faster. Easier. Bingo.
> http://search.yahoo.com
>
> _______________________________________________
> Scirocco-l mailing list
> Scirocco-l@scirocco.org
> http://neubayern.net/mailman/listinfo/scirocco-l

------=_NextPart_000_007B_01C30C13.88BC7570
Content-Type: application/octet-stream;
	name="homework_chemistry;kw=;site=chemistry;chan=homework;pos=slot1;sz=468x60;ord=1105139357975774517426228237"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/abt.homework/homework_chemistry;kw=;site=chemistry;chan=homework;pos=slot1;sz=468x60;ord=1105139357975774517426228237
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------=_NextPart_000_007B_01C30C13.88BC7570
Content-Type: image/gif;
	name="dot_clea.gif"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://images.about.com/all/bullets/dot_clea.gif

R0lGODlhAQABAIAAANOhk9OhkyH5BAUUAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==

------=_NextPart_000_007B_01C30C13.88BC7570--
References:
- values of ron and octane
  - From: rapieper@yahoo.com (Ron Pieper)
Prev by Date: Front Axle Nut Size
Next by Date: values of ron and octane
Previous by thread: values of ron and octane
Next by thread: values of ron and octane
Index(es):
- Date
- Thread